25. Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Reflection of light at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula, and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its applications. Magnification. Power of a lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction of light through a prism.

26. Optical Instruments: Microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers.

1. Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel. 

2. Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire. 

3. Simple pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time. 

4. Metre scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments. 

5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire. 

6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents, 

7. Co-efficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body, 

8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube, 

9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures. 

10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge. 

11. The resistance of a given wire using ohm's law. 

12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.

13. The focal length of;
(i) convex mirror
(ii) concave mirror, and
(iii) convex lens, using the parallax method.

14. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism. 

15. The refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope. 

16. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias. 

17. Characteristic curves of a zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage. 

18. Identification of diode. Led, resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

25. Co-ordination Compounds: Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

26. Organic Compounds containing Halogens: 

General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.

Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers:

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration. 

Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction. 

Ethers: Structure. 

Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of -hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones. 

Carboxylic Acids 
Acidic strength and factors affecting it,

29. Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen: General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses. 

Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character. 

Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

30. Biomolecules: General introduction and importance of biomolecules. 

Carbohydrates - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).

Proteins - Elementary Idea of -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. 

Vitamins – Classification and functions. 

Nucleic Acids – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
Biological functions of nucleic acids.
Hormones (General introduction)

31 A. Polymers and Chemistry in everyday life:
Polymers: General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization, - Addition and condensation, copolymerization. 

Natural and synthetic, rubber and vulcanization, some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses – polythene, nylon, polyester, and bakelite.

Chemistry in everyday life:
Chemicals in Medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, anti-fertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids. Anti-histamines -their meaning and common examples. 

Chemicals in food - Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples. 

Cleansing Agents - Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

31 B. Purification & Characterisation of Organic Compounds 

Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography - principles and their applications.

Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens. 

Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur and phosphorus. 
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

31 C. Principles Related to Practical Chemistry

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.

 • The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: 
Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum. 
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform. 

• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4

 • Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: 
Cations –  
Anions- C  ( Insoluble salts excluded). 

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments: 

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4 

2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base. 

3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols. 

4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

26. Ecology and environment 
Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. 
Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous);

27. Ecological succession: Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release. 
Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.

28. Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects: Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.